Oxford (or Serial) Commas: Using a Comma before AND in a List

Writers frequently wonder whether a comma should go before the conjunction and in a list of three or more items. Despite the fact that not all style books agree on this issue, we recommend using a comma after the next-to-last item in a series—the serial comma, as it is called (or the Harvard or Oxford comma).

This recommendation also applies, of course, when the items in a list are joined by the conjunction or.

The Serial Comma Helps to Prevent a Misreading

Although many of us were taught not to use a comma before and in a list, today the vast majority of style guides do advocate the use of the serial comma because it can prevent a possible misreading. Consider this sentence, for example:

• Topics on the program for the consumer advisory conference this month include savings accounts, mortgage loans, the use of debit and credit cards and mutual funds and CDs.

Without the serial comma, the individual series items are difficult to identify.

• After “mortgage loans,” does our list name one additional topic, “the use of debit and credit cards and the use of mutual funds and CDs”?
• Or does it contain two more items, “the use of debit and credit cards” and “mutual funds and CDs”?
• Or does it contain three more items, “the use of debit and credit cards,” “mutual funds,” and “CDs”?

With the serial comma added, we can see clearly that we have here a list of four program topics, not two or three:

Topics on program for the consumer advisory conference meeting this month include savings accounts, mortgage loans, the use of debit and credit cards, and mutual funds and CDs.

Although such logical precision might seem trivial when we are talking about topics at a conference, it can be absolutely crucial in certain kinds of writing.

The Serial Comma is Especially Important in Legal Writing

Take legal documents, for example. The Texas Law Review Manual on Usage, Style, and Editing  insists on the use of the serial comma. In The Lawyer’s Book of Rules for Effective Legal Writing, Thomas R. Haggard says, “The serial comma is essential in legal writing because it promotes clarity” (17).

Consider this sentence:

Mrs. Jones left all her money to her three children: Huey, Dewey and Louie.

Without the serial comma, the sentence does not clearly indicate that each of the three children is to be given an equal share of the inheritance. Quite possibly (especially if Huey were a jerk), Huey would get half the money, and Dewey and Louie would have to split the other half.

Here’s another example of a sentence in which the omission of the serial comma has a substantive effect on the meaning:

Mrs. Jones left her money to her children: Sally and Fred Smith, Margaret and John Williams, Betty and Harold Spivey and their children.

Without the serial comma before the last and, the sentence could be interpreted to mean that only the children of Betty and Harold Spivey are to receive a share of the inheritance and not the children of the other couples. But with the additional comma, the sentence more clearly communicates the idea that the children of all three couples are to receive a share:

Mrs. Jones left her money to Sally and Fred Smith, Margaret and John Williams, Betty and Harold Spivey, and their children.

In all kinds of writing, of course, the meaning of the items in a list may be obvious without the serial comma. But we are usually poor judges of our own clarity (or lack thereof). We tend to think we are being clear because we know what we mean to say.

If we were to write, for example, “The table was covered with gifts, food and flowers,” the meaning might appear to be quite clear without the serial comma.

But even this seemingly simple and clear sentence could be read two ways:

• The table may be covered with three different kinds of items: (1) gifts, (2) food, and (3) flowers.
• Or the table may be covered with gifts, all of which fall into one of two categories—food or flowers.

Not All Style Books Agree

It is always wise to check your company’s in-house style manual or the style manual that governs your profession. In the United States, the vast majority of reputable style guides (with the exception of style guides for journalists, such as the well-known manual published by the Associated Press) encourage or even mandate the serial comma.

We don’t know for certain, but we can suppose that print journalists omit the serial comma because in the early days of their profession, when most news was still delivered in print, saving keystrokes meant saving money.

But even style guides that generally discourage its use do agree that at times it is necessary for clarity and/or readability.

TEST YOURSELF

Which of these sentences would be improved by the addition of the serial comma?

1. Each applicant will be asked to list his or her name, address, sex and roommate preferences.
2. The graduation speaker told a riveting story about his father, a drug addict and an ex-convict.
3. In the final round of the cooking competition, the contestants had to prepare three different quiches: broccoli, ham and cheese and spinach.
4. Sunday’s reception will feature a variety of elegant finger sandwiches: cream cheese and pineapple, marinated bell peppers and goat cheese, asparagus and butter and sliced cucumber and mint mayonnaise.
5. “The woods are lovely, dark and deep.” (Robert Frost, in “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”)

ANSWERS

1. Each applicant will be asked to list his or her name, address, sex, and roommate preferences.
2. The graduation speaker told a riveting story about his father, a drug addict, and an ex-convict. [However, if the speaker’s father were, indeed, a drug addict and ex-convict, the sentence would be correct without the serial comma.]
3. In the final round of the cooking competition, the contestants had to prepare three different quiches: broccoli, ham, and cheese and spinach. [Or “In the final round of the cooking contest, the contestants had to prepare three different quiches: broccoli, ham and cheese, and spinach.” The serial comma goes after “ham” if the cheese belongs in the spinach quiche but after “cheese” if the cheese belongs in the ham quiche.]
4. Sunday’s reception will feature a variety of elegant finger sandwiches: cream cheese and pineapple, marinated bell peppers and goat cheese, asparagus and butter, and sliced cucumber and mint mayonnaise.
5. This sentence is actually correct without the serial comma. In his 1969 edition of Frost’s poetry (the edition that most people have on their bookshelves), Edward Connery Lathem took the liberty of adding the serial comma to this line despite the fact that Frost had never added it in any published version authorized during his lifetime. In Frost’s version (without the serial comma), “dark and deep” are an appositive for “lovely.” The speaker thinks that the woods are lovely precisely because they are dark and deep, giving us insight into the speaker’s state of mind. By adding the serial comma, Lathem changes the meaning of the sentence. Instead of a single adjective (“lovely”) with an appositive (“lovely” = “dark and deep”), Lathem’s version suggests that the woods have three separate qualities: they are lovely, they are dark, and they are deep. (For a fuller discussion of the problems with the Lathem edition of Frost, see Donald Hall’s “Robert Frost Corrupted” in Breakfast Served Any Time All Day [Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004, pages 81 to 99]. An authoritative version of Robert Frost’s poems was published in 1995 by the Library of America.)

©2009 Get It Write. Revised 2020.